In the same way that a child must be able to move his legs before he can learn to walk，the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning.Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by 1 learning takes place.One kind of learning is called“classical conditioning”.This occurs when one event or stimulus is paired with or followed 2，a reward or punishment.It is through classical conditioning 3 a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love，for he learns that this person provides food and 4.

The second kind of learning is called“operational conditioning”.This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments.For example，if a mother 5 attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet，she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from his mother.6，the baby will learn to 7 his crying in order to have his mother more.Negative emotions are learned in a similar way.

Every day，we grow and have new experience.We constantly learn by reading，watching television，interacting with other people，and so forth.This learning 8 our emotions.Why is it that we learn to like some people but dislike others？If a person is nice to us，cares about us，we learn to associate this person with 9 feelings，such as happiness，friendliness，etc.On the other hand，if a person is mean to us，does not care about us，and even 10 does things to harm us，we learn to associate this person with unhappiness，anger，etc.

（  ）1.A.that    B.them    C.which    D.what

1.C【解析】此句为定语从句，先行词processes作介词by的宾语。

（  ）2.A.up    B.with    C.by    D.from

2.C【解析】be followed by为固定搭配，意为“紧跟着，紧随其后”。

（  ）3.A.that    B.so that    C.such    D.such as

3.A【解析】“it is+被强调部分+that+其他”为强调句型，其中that不能用其他词代替。

（  ）4.A.drink    B.comfort    C.freedom    D.sympathy

4.B【解析】drink“酒，饮料”；comfort“安慰”；freedom“自由”；sympathy“同情”。前面提到孩子学会把妈妈的脸和声音与幸福和爱联系起来，后面解释原因：因为他知道这个人（即妈妈）给他提供食物和____。比较四个选项，首先排除C、D，而婴幼儿的主要食物就是奶，因此也不需要drink。故选B。

（  ）5.A.always    B.sometimes    C.seldom    D.never

5.A【解析】句意：例如，如果一个母亲在孩子哭时_____去照顾他直至他安静下来，那她是在教孩子，他哭就能获得妈妈的注意。根据空格后的内容可以判断，只有孩子一哭妈妈总是去哄，孩子才会认为哭会得到妈妈的注意。故选A。

（  ）6.A.However    B.Nonetheless    C.Instead    D.Thus

6.D【解析】根据空格前后句意可以判断，此处需要一个表示因果关系的词。故选D。

（  ）7.A.stop    B.increase    C.weaken    D.decrease

7.B【解析】根据前句可知，孩子从妈妈那学习到自己一哭妈妈就会去哄，因此会多哭以获取妈妈更多的关爱。故选B。

（  ）8.A.decides    B.generates    C.affects    D.effects

8.C【解析】decide“决定”；generate“发生，形成”；affect“影响”；effect，名词，“影响，效果，作用。”此句要表达的意思是“这种学习会影响我们的情感”，且需要的是动词。故选C。

（  ）9.A.innovative    B.positive    C.conclusive    D.competitive

9.B【解析】innovative“创新的，新颖的”；positive“积极的，肯定的”；conclusive“决定性的，最后的”；competitive“竞争的，比赛的”。空格后的例子都是积极的感受，故选B。

（  ）10.A.respectively    B.specially    C.hardly    D.deliberately

10.D【解析】respectively“分别地，各自地”；specially“特别地”；hardly“几乎不”；deliberately“故意地”。根据前文的is mean to us可知，此句要表达的是“甚至故意做一些对我们有害的事情”。故选D。